Software topics ordered according to how much of the
participant's current knowledge was learned on the job, as
opposed to in formal education.

The numers represent the difference between the participant's
current knowledge, and the knowledge they had acquired at
university. A high positive number means that the participant
learned relatively little in university, and learned a lot on
the job. A negative number means that they have had a net loss
of knowledge since university, presumably because the
knowledge was not of use in the workplace.

Universities should think of adding emphasis on the items at
the top of the list, and reducing emphasis on the items at the
bottom of the list.

Companies might improve the training of new employees by
giving them courses in the topics at the top of the list. This
might be more efficient than letting them pick up the topic
while working.

Configuration management	2.4
Testing & quality assurance	2.1
Process standards		2.1
Maintenance			2.0
Project management		1.9
Object oriented analysis & des.	1.8
User interfaces			1.7
Requirements gathering		1.6
Cost estimation			1.5
Reliability			1.5
Real-time			1.5
Metrics				1.3
Data transmission		1.1
General s/w archit. & design	1.0
Databases			0.9
Formal methods			0.8
Parallel and distributed	0.8
Systems programming		0.8
Information retrieval		0.8
File & information mgmt.	0.6
Operating systems		0.6
Data structures			0.5
Graphics			0.4
Comparative program. langs.	0.2
Simulation			0.2
Parsing and compilers		0.2
Pattern recognition		0.2
Programming language theory	0.1
Complexity and algor. analysis	0.0
Artificial intelligence		-0.1
Numerical methods		-0.7